KwmôyËk KyhwËg Bolwi GËoxQl? GB eÞËmík D£k AwËo Ìj, oÔfyËbk mwxìæeÔYê ximdwky eÞPwËkk iwcøËi KwmôyËk Bolwi GËoxQl„ xKìç oZø pËâQ GB Ìj, oÔfyËbk KløwËY KwmôyËkk xpëbÖËbk Rdø gwþægZw xQl htwgp Ggv cµvowZôK„

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KwmôyËk KyhwËg Bolwi GËoxQl? GB eÞËmík D£k AwËo Ìj, oÔfyËbk mwxìæeÔYê ximdwky eÞPwËkk iwcøËi KwmôyËk Bolwi GËoxQl„

eÙxagy gøwey mwxìæeÔYêhwËg Bolwi eÞPwËkk Rdø ogêRdydhwËg oÔfyËbkËK KÚxZZò ÌbItw pt„ GK xKvgbìæy AdÖjwty KwmôyËk ÌKwd GK oit GKRd kwRw xQËld jwk ÌKwd ciê xQl dw„ GKxbd xZxd xVK KkËld Ìj xZxd ÌKwd GKxU ciê MÞpY KkËgd„ iÖoliwd Ggv xpëbÖ Dht blB kwRwËK þñcËiê byxqZ KkËZ Gl„ AZ:ek kwRw Dht eËqk ekþek xgkئ g£ßgø ÂËd xg¸wìæ pËld Ggv xVK KkËld Ìj, “ekxbd oKwl Ìglwt xZxd eÞwowb ÌaËK kwþæwt ÌgxkËt Ìj gøx£ßËK eÞai ÌbLËgd xZxd Zwk ciê MÞpY KkËgd„”  (Chapter 2, Baharistan-i-Shahi, an anonymous 17th-century Persian book on the history of Kashmir, translated by Prof. K. N. Pundit)„ Ggv ekxbd kwRw GKRd bkËgËmk eÞai ÌbLw ÌeËld Ggv GhwËg Kwmôyk BolwËi eÞËgm Kkl„ 

AËdK RwtMwËZ GB ckËdk xKvgbìæy eÞPxlZ AwËQ Ìj, GKRd oÔfy Zwk AËl#xKK qiZwgËl Aagw Adø ÌKwdhwËg ÌoLwdKwk kwRwËK byxqZ KËkxQËld„ GBhwËg H þÿwd mwxìæeÔYêhwËg BolwËi eÞËgm KËk Ggv BolwËik GB mwxìæeÔYê eÞPwËkk Rdø oÔfyËbkËKB cdøgwb xbËZ pt„ 

Awiwk GKRd Kwmôyky g¬× BolwËik ggêk xmqwk Rdø BolwËik DËâQb PwBËlI AwiwËK gËlxQËld GB ggêk Pxk¢ oË£òI KyhwËg oÔfyËbk mwxìæeÔYê eÞPwËkk iwcøËi KwmôyËk Bolwi GËoxQl„ gZêiwËd BolwËik ÌoB mwxìæit DeZøKw KyhwËg ggêkZwk hÔxiËZ exkYZ pËtËQ? Gk Rdø xZxd bwty KËkËQd Itwpwgy iZgwbËK, ÌjUw Zwk iËZ K×kAwd I dgyk eÞKÚZ Bolwi„  

Kwmôyk Ggv owkw eÙxagy gøwey oÔfyËbk mwxìæeÔYê eÞPwËkk iwcøËi Bolwi eÞowk lwh KËkËQ ­ GB cwkYw iÖoxli Ggv AiÖoxli ex¡ZËbk iËcø ogêRdydhwËg þñyKÚZ„ BolwËik GKRd LøwZdwiw ex¡Z I HxZpwxoK Ggv oÔfyËbk DeËk xgËmnš xpowËg exkšwZ W: ÌtwxMëbk xoKwìæzËK xRšwow KkØd, xZxd GB KawB glËgd„ 

opËR ewItw jwt Gid og HxZpwxoK bxll ÌaËK xhdí xP¢ ewItw ÌMËlI GB cwkYwB oflhwËg Ggv GKËPxUtwhwËg eÞPwxkZ pËt PËlËQ„ 

KwmôyËk Bolwiy mwod KLd eÞxZxÅZ pËtxQl ÌoUw Rwdw KxVd„ 715 LÛyÄw˲ iÖpwóib xgd Kwxoi Kwmôyk Aw¢ßiËYk eÞþçxZ xdËtxQËld„ Zwkek ÌaËK Kwmôyk AËdK†xl Bolwiy Aw¢ßiËYk xmKwk pt„ iÖoliwdkw jwËK xdËt Mgê KËk xKìç xjxd ggêk-ÌmÛÅ Qwrw Awk xKQÖ dd ÌoB oÖlZwd iwpiÖbI ÌoLwËd GKxU gøaê Axhjwd exkPwldw KËkxQËld„ xpëbÖ Aél†xlk xgkØ˦ ciêjÖ¦ exkPwldwk Rdø Llyfw Awl idoÖk (755-74) pwmwi xgd AwikØk ÌdZÚËZò GKxU gwxpdy ÌeÞkY KËkd„ Kwëbwpwk Ggv KwmôyËkk iËcø gÉ þÿwd xZxd bLl KËkd, xZxd “KwmôykËK ebwdZ KËk gÉ ovLøK gëby I bwoËK xdËt jwd” [Elliot & Dawson, History of India as Told by Its Historians (GËZ iÖoliwdËbk §wkw xlxeg¦ NUdwex™ ÌaËK xgxhdí Avm ÌdItw pËtËQ ),  Vol. 1. p. 122-23, 203]| oÖlZwd iwpiÖËbk eÖ¢ oÖlZwd iwoÖb Zwk xeZwk iZ KyxZêiwd xQËld dw„ 1033 LÛyÄw˲ xZxd Zwk xeZwk gøaêZwk eÞxZKwËkk DË¥Ëmø “KwmôyËkk oÖkoÖxZ bÖMê Aw¢ßiY KËkd„ dwky I xm gwËb bÖËMêk oKl ÑodøËK pZøw Kkw pt Ggv RyxgZ dwky I xmÂËbkËK bwo xpowËg xdËt jwItw pt„” 

GUw glw KxVd Ìj G oKl AxhjwËdk iËcø ÌKwdxU §wkw KwmôyËk Bolwi eÞxZxÅZ pËtxQl„ ZËg BolwiyKkËY BolwËik KxaZ mwxìæk eÞg£ßw oÔfyËbk Ìj GKUw eÞcwd hÔxiKw xQl Ìo Kaw glw jwt„ xKìç ÌoUw xQl ggêËkwxPZ„

KwmôyËk RdMËYk Bolwi MÞpY oóeËKê Awikw Ìj cwkYw ewB ÌoUw pËâQ G kKi Ìj, 1371 Aagw 1381 owËlk xbËK GKRd xgLøwZ oÔfy bkËgm gw owcÖ owCb Awly pwibwdy KwmôyËk eÞËgm KËkd, Ggv Zwk oËŠ BolwiI KwmôyËk eÞËgm KËk„ xZxd eÞai Ìj KwR KËkxQËld ÌoUw pËâQ “GKxU ÌQwU ixëbk ÌjUwËK cµvo Kkw pËtxQl” ÌoB RwtMwk Dek Zwk LwdKw (Awþæwdw gw AwmÛi) þÿwed Kkw (Baharistan, p. 36)| Zwk AwMiËdk eÔËgê mwodKwky oÖlZwd K×ugÖbz-byd Bolwiy AwBd glgu Kkwk gøwewËk LÖg owiwdøB iËdwËjwM xbËtxQËld„ KwmôyËkk opdmyl xpëbÖ ovÆÚxZ I AwPwk-AwPkËYk xhZËk oÖlZwd ÌaËK KwRy ejêìæ oiwËRk oKl þæËkk iÖoliwdkw xdixŒZ pËt xMËtxQl (Baharistan, p. 37)|  

xKìç oÔfy bkËgm owCb pwibwdy Kwmôyky iÖoliwdËbk GB oKl KwjêKlwe ÌbËL AwZx‰Z pd, Ggv xZxd Bolwiy xdti ewlËd Ñmxalø bÔk KËk ÌM^wrw Bolwi eÞgZêËdk ÌPÄw KËkd„ mwoK K×ugÖbz-byd Zwk gøx£ßMZ RygËd Bolwiy ÌM^wrwxi AdÖmyld Kkwk ÌPÄw KËkd, xKìç “Awiyk owCb Awly pwibwdyk BâQw Ggv AwKwáqw AdÖjwty Bolwi eÞPwËk gøaê pd” (H)„ Gk fËl oÔfy bkËgm Ìe#£xlK ovÆÚxZ, AwPwk-AdÖÅwd Ggv ciê mwxoZ ÌbËm gwo KkËZ dw ÌPËt Kwmôyk ÌQËr PËl jwd„ 

ekgZêy KwËl Zwk eÖ¢ AwËkK xgLøwZ oÔfy bkËgm Awiyk owCb iÖpwóib xgLøwZ eÞxZiw cµvoKwky oÖlZwd xoKwëbwËkk mwodKwËl KwmôyËk AwMid KËkd„ oÖlZwd xoKwëbwk exg¢ oÔfy bkËgm owCb iÖpwóiËbk AwMiËdk eÔgê ejêìæ GZUw ggêk xQËld dw„ oÔfy bkËgm KwmôyËk Bolwiy AwBd KwjêKk Kkwk Rdø xoKwëbwkËK eÞËYwxbZ KËkd„ oÖlZwd K×ugÖbz-byd oÔfy bkËgËmk xdËbêmdw dw iwdËlI xoKwëbwk Zw ÌiËd xdËZ kwRy pd„ GBhwËg Kwmôyk ÌaËK iÔxZêeÔRw Ggv Zwk eÞg£ßwËbk oKl xPpß iÖËQ Ìflwk Rdø xoKwëbwk Ggv oÔfy owcK owCb iÖpwóib HKøg¦ pd„ 

xblöyk oÖlZwËdk GKRd HxZpwxoK iÖpwóib fwxkmZwk (iÙZ×ø- 1614) iZ AdÖjwty (History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Vol. 1V. 1997 imprint, p. 268) xoKwëbwk AwËbm Rwky KËkd : 

“.... KwmôyËk iÖoliwd Qwrw Adø ÌKwd cËiêk AdÖowkyk gogwo ÌgAwBdy ÌNwnYw K’Ëk; Ggv xZxd Pwd jwËZ ÌKD KewËl ÌKwd xPpß dw Ìbt„ .... ogËmËn xZxd oKl þñYê I Ìk#eø xdxiêZ eÞxZiw hwŠwk Ggv Ìo†xl MxlËt cwZg iÖbÛwt exkYZ  Kkwk Dek ÌRwk Ìbd„ AËdK gÛwÊY ZwËbk ciê Aagw Ìbm ZøwËMk exkgËZê xgn ÌLËt AwZôpZøw KËkd„ ÌKD ÌKD gwohÔxi ZøwM KËk Ìbmwìæky pd, ÌKD ÌKD xgZwrËdk mwxþæ GrwËdwk Rdø iÖoliwd pd„ gÛwÊYkw Ìbmwìæky pËl xoK×ëbÖk (xoKwëbwk) KwmôyËkk oKl ixëbk cµvo Kkwk xdËbêm Ìbd„ .... KwmôyËkk oKl eÞxZiw cµvo KËk xZxd ‘eÞxZiw cµvoKwky’ GB Dewxc ARêd KËkd„”  

AwËkKxU o®bm mZw²yk ewkoyt xggkY HM Chaudurah-Gk Tarikh-i-Kashmir-G glw pËâQ, xoKwëbwk “AxgmðwoyËbkËK oóeÔYêkÕËe cµvo owcËdk KwËR AxgkwihwËg gøþæ xQËld Ggv  AxcKwvm ixëbk cµvo KËkxQËld” (Trans. Razia Bano, Delhi, 1991, p. 55)| 

GUwB pËâQ xg§wd fwxkmZwk xdKU oÖlZwd xoKwëbwËkk ogêËmÛÅ KyxZê„ Gk Rdø Awol KÚxZZò Kwk?

GB eÞËmík D£k Baharistan-i-Shahi-Gk MxgêZ ÌlLËKk Kaw ÌaËKB Ìgk KËk xdd xjxd xlLËQd, “... GB hÔxik gwxoëbwËbk xgËgËKk Awtdw ÌaËK dwxþæKZw Ggv oZø cËiê AxgmðwËok xPpß ejêìæ iÖËQ Ìflwk KÚxZZò” oÔfy bkËgm owCb iÖpwóiËbk (H, eÙ: 37)„

eÞxZiw cµvoKwkyk eÖ¢ Awiyk Lwd (AwKw Awlöy mwpz) KwmôyËk xpëbÖ xdcd AgøwpZ kwËLd„ fwxkmZw gËld, “GkeËkI Ìj owiwdø xKQÖ ovLøK gÛwÊY ZwËbk þñ-cËiê AUl xQËld ZwËbkËK xdjêwZd KËkd Ggv jwkw Bolwi MÞpY KkËZ AþñyKwk KËkd ZwËbk oKlËK pZøw KËkd„ GkeËkI jwkw KwmôyËk xQËld ZwËbk oKlËKB ÌoB kwRø ÌaËK xgZwrd KËkd” (H, eÙ: 269)„

Gkek Dbwk Ggv oxpnä× oÖlZwd RtdÖl AwËgbyd (1423-1474) xdMÙpyZ AiÖoliwdËbk Rdø þñxþæk xd:mðwo xfxkËt AwËdd„ xZxd ciêyt þñwcydZwËK AdÖËiwbd Ìbd, GidxK RgkbxþæiÔlKhwËg      ciêwìæxkZ xpëbÖËbkËKI ZwËbk xdR cËiê xfËk ÌjËZ Ìbd„ GUw xpëbÖ cËiêk oiÙx¦ NUËZ owpwjø KËk, “jw xKdw eÞxZiw hMíKwky oÖlZwd xoKwëbwËkk BxZeÔËgêKwk mwodKwËl DËâQb pËtxQl” (H, eÙ: 74)„ xoWxd IËtd glËQd xhdí ckËdk iwdÖn RtdÖl AwËgbyËdk mwodwcyËd, “AËdK xpëbÖ (Aaêwu Rgkbxþæk iwcøËi BolwËi byxqZ xpëbÖMY) xpëbÖ cËiê eÞZøwgxZêZ pt”  (From Mahmud Ghazni to the Disintegration of Mughal Empire, Delhi, p. 127)| Baharistan-i-Shahi-Gk AwZx‰Z ÌlLK oÖlZwd RtdÖl AwËgbyËdk AcyËd xpëbÖcËiêk D¤wd Ggv Bolwi cËiêk eZËdk Kaw DËlöL KËkd (eÙ: 74) :

“... Axgmðwoykw Ggv ZwËbk bÖdêyxZMÞþæ I AÐdxZK AwPwk-AwPkY GZUwB RdxeÞtZw ARêd KËk Ìj, GidxK G ÌbËmk DËliw (šwdy oóeÞbwt), owBtyb (oó¸wìæ) Ggv KwRyMYI (Bolwiy xgPwkK) G†xlk ÌKwd kKi xgËkwxcZw Kkwk exkgËZê gkv G†xl ewld KkËZ ÂkØ KËkd„ ZwËbkËK xdËnc Kkwk iZ ÌKD xQl dw„ Gk fËl Bolwi ¢ßim bÖgêl pËt eËr Ggv Gk AdÖmwod I dyxZiwlw ewlËd xmxalZw ÌbLw Ìbt; eÞxZiw eÔRw Ggv bÖdêyxZMÞþæ I AÐdxZK AwPwk-AdÖÅwd xgþæwk lwh KËk„”

AwKgËkk iZ oÖlZwd RtdÖl AwËgbyd cwxiêKËbkËK AMÞwpø I ¢ßצ KËk oKl cËiêk eÞxZ Zwk Dbwk KiêdyxZ AdÖokY KËkd„ DbwpkY xpowËg ewkoø Ìbmyt ex¡Z iÖlöw AwpiËbk xPxVk Kaw DËlöL Kkw jwt ÌjLwËd xZxd ZwËK þôkY KxkËt Ìbd,

“... ZwËbk Dek xRxjtw Kk AwËkwËek eÞcwd DË¥møB pËâQ ZwËbkËK Aeiwd Kkw„... ZwËbkËK AeiwxdZ Kkwk RdøB Cmðk xRxjtw KwËti KËkxQËld„ DË¥mø pËâQ ZwËbk Agiwddw Ggv iÖoliwdËbk ijêwbw I oóiwd (eÞxZÅw)” (Quted by KS Lal, Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India, p.113)|

xKìç iwxlK kwBdw Ggv KwRy PwËKk kwRZòKwËl KwmôyËkk AiÖoxliËbk Dek eÖdkwt oìèwo ÌdËi Gl„ Zwkw xpëbÖËbkËK ZËlwtwk §wkw BolwËi ciêwìæxkZ KkËld„ Ggwk DÆwdybwZw xQËld AwËkK oÔfy bkËgm Awiyk mwioÖbz-byd iÖpwóib BkwKy, xjxd xKdw KwmôyËk AwMZ ogêËmÛÅ oÔfy owcK xpowËg exkxPZ„

iwxlK iÖow kwBdw 1501 owËl KwmôyËkk eÞmwoK pgwk ek iÖpwóib BkwKy KwmôyËk AwMid KËkd, Ggv Zwk oËŠ ÌRwU Ìg^Ëc I Zwk eÙÅËewnKZw I KZêÙZò xdËt jw KËkd Ìo oóeËKê  Baharistan-i-Shahi (p. 93-94)-ÌZ glw pËtËQ:

“Awiyk mwioÖbz-byd iÖpwóib oKl iÔxZêeÔRwk MÙp ewBKwkyhwËg cµvo KËkd Ggv ÌoB oËŠ dwxþæKZw I AxgmðwËok xhx£iÔl ejêìæ oóeÔYêkÕËe xgcµþæ KËkd„ iÔxZêeÔRwk eÞxZxU MÙp cµvo Kkwk ek Bolwiy Kwtbwt Dewodw Kkwk Rdø Zwk Dek ioxRb xdiêwY Kkwk AwËbm Ìbd„”

Ggv “mwioÖbz-byd BkwKyk AdÖËkwËc iÖow kwBdw AwËbm Rwky KËkd Ìj, eÞËZøK xbd 1500-2000 AxgmðwoyËK iyk mwioÖbz-byËdk AdÖowkykw Zwk gwryk bkRwk owiËd xdËt jwËg, Zwkw ZwËbk exg¢ oÔZw LÖËl ÌflËg, ZwËbkËK KËliw (BolwËik iÔl iìè) erwËg, Ludw KkËg Ggv MkØk iwvo LwItwËg”; Ggv GBhwËg “gleÞËtwM Ggv gwcøZweÔgêK 24000 (Pxgµm pwRwk) xpëbÖ exkgwkËK BkwKyk ciêxgmðwo MÞpY KkwËdw pl (Kwpzkwd Itw jwgkwd)” (H, eÙ: 105-106)„

jLd oÖlZwd iÖpwóib mwËpk AcyËd 1519 LÛyÄw˲ iwxlK KwRy PwK ÌodwdwtK pËld ZLd owcÖ oÖlh BkwKy Zwk htwgp KiêKw¡ AgøwpZ kwLËld„ Baharistan-i-Shahi (p. 116)-ÌZ glw pËtËQ : “xZxd (KwRy PwK) Awiyk mwioÖbz-byd iÖpwóib BkwKyk Ìj GKUw eÞcwd xdËbêm KwjêKk KËkd ÌoUw pl G ÌbËmk Axgmðwoy I gÉËbgZwgwbyËbkËK ewBKwkyhwËg pZøw„”GB xdpZËbk iËcø Gid AËdËKB xQl jwkw iwxlK kwBdw KZêÙK ÌRwkeÔgêK BolwËi ciêwìæxkZ pËlI ekgZyê oiËt gÉËbgZwgwb (xpëbÖciê)-G xfËk xMËtxQl„ iÖoliwdkw GB †Rg QxrËt xbËtxQl Ìj, GB ciêZøwMykw “ewQwk dyËP exg¢ K×kAwd ÌkËL Zwk Dek gËoxQl„” GUw ÂËd oÔfy bkËgm ¢ßצ pËt KwRy PwËKk xdKU GB gËl eÞxZgwb RwxdËtxQËld (H, eÙ: 117) :

“GB iÔxZê eÔRwky oóeÞbwt Bolwiy ciêxgmðwo MÞpY I ZwËZ AwZôoieêY Kkwk ek GLd ciê¸ÄZw I ciêËbÛwËp xfËk ÌMËQ„ GLd jxb Awexd xdËR mkytwk xgcwd AdÖjwty mwxþæ (BolwËi ciêËbÛwËpk mwxþæ pËâQ iÙZ×ø) dw Ìbd Ggv ZwËbk xgkØ˦ mÙáLlwhŠ RxdZ mwxþæ dw Ìbd ZwpËl Awiwk xdKU ÌþñâQw xdgêwoËd jwItw eÞËtwRdyt I gwcøZwiÔlK pËg„”

lqø KkØd Ìj, K×kAwd Agiwddwk Ìj AxhËjwËMk Kaw glw pËtËQ BkwKy Zwk DËlöL iw¢ KkËQd dw, gkv xZxd GKgwk Bolwi MÞpËYk ek xpëbÖËbk §wkw Zw eÖdkwt exkZøwM Kkwk Kaw glËQd BolwËi jwk mwxþæ pËâQ iÙZ×ø„ gwpwxkþæwd-B-mwpy  (Baharistan-i-Shahi)-ÌZ glw pËâQ, ¢ßצ oÔfy bkËgmËK mwìæ Kkwk Rdø iwxlK KwRy PwK “AxgmðwoyËbkËK ewBKwkyhwËg pZøw Kkwk xo¦wìæ Ìdd„” AwÂkwk exg¢ eËgêk xbdËK GBhwËg pZøwk xbd xpowËg cwjê Kkw pt (iÖpkki, 1518 owl; BkwKy xQËld xmtw)„ gwpwxkþæwd-B-mwpyËZ AwkI glw pËâQ :

“... eÞwt mwZmZ ÌaËK AwUmZ AxgmðwoyËK pZøw Kkw pt„ jwËbkËK pZøw Kkw pt Zwkw xQËld ÌoB oit AxgmðwoyËbk oóeÞbwËtk ÌdZÚþÿwdyt gøx£ßZò” (eÙ: 117)„

Baharistan-i-Shahi-Gk MxgêZ ÌlLK AwkI glËQd, “Zkgwxkk iÖËL KwmôyËk Axgmðwoy I gÉËbgZwgwbyËbk oiMÞ oóeÞbwtËK BolwËi byxqZ pËZ gwcø Kkw pl„ GUw iwxlK KwRy PwËKk GKUw eÞcwd KyxZê” (eÙ: 117)„

GB ht‰k KwËRk xdËbêm xjxd xbËtxQËld xZxd xKìç ipwd oÔfy bkËgm gøZyZ Awk ÌKD dd„

oÔfyËbk Awol Pxk¢ Z×Ël ckwk Rdø Awiwk Awk xKQÖ glwk eÞËtwRd dwB„ hwkËZ mwxìæeÔYêhwËg Bolwi eÞowËkk ogêËmÛÅ bÙÄwìæ xpowËg iÖoliwdkw Ìj KwmôykËK XwKËXwl xexUËt Rwxpk KËk ÌoB KwmôyËkk Agþÿw pËâQ GB! PiuKwk mwxìæeÔYê e¦xZ gËU! Ggv GUwB pËâQ iÖoxli eÙxagy ÌaËK hwkËZ AwMZ ogËPËt mwxìæeÔYê oÔfyËbk KyxZê-Kwxpdy„

hwkËZk Adø ogêËmÛÅ oÔfyËbk KwxpdyI Gk ÌPËt hwl xKQÖ dt„ AxgmðwoyËbk Dek dkËic jš Pwlwgwk Rdø Zwkw ZwËbk oËŠ xdËt AwoZ xdKÚÄ xRpwby Ìjw¦wËbkËK„

AwRiyËk iCdÖ¥yd xPmxZ GËoxQËld iÖpwóib ÌN#kyk Ìodwgwxpdyk oËŠ, Ìj ÌN#ky xgmðwoNwZKZweÔYêhwËg iwdxgK I ipwdÖhg kwRw eÙaòykwR ÌP#pwdËK ekwxRZ KËkxQËld„

xdRwiÖ¥yd AwDxltw iÔlZwËd GK xRpwËb Avm xdËtxQËld dwxokØ¥yd xKgPwk oËŠ ÌaËK„

gwvlwËbËmk ÌmÛÅ oÔfy bkËgm ÌmL Rwlwl xoËlËUk xpëbÖ kwRw ÌM#k ÌMwxgËëbk xgkØ˦ xRpwby jÖ¦ exkPwldw KËkxQËld„

Ggv GB oiþæ oÔfyB Hog k£ßw£ß jÖ˦ RtlwËhk ÌqË¢ xdËRËbk hÔxiKwËK xdcêwkK xpowËg bwgy KËkËQd„ Ggv GBhwËg hwkZ ÌaËK AwxfÝKw Ggv AwxfÝKw ÌaËK glKwd ejêìæ ogê¢ ÌmÛÅ oÔfyËbk AxcKwvËmkB Kwxpdy pËâQ GB GKB kKi jÖ¦, gleÞËtwM I k£ßewZit„*

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* oÔfyËbk ÌlwKpnêK KwjêKlwe oóeËKê AwkI xgþæwxkZhwËg Rwdwk Rdø ÌbLÖd Awiwk gB, Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery, p. 115-133. -- ­ ÌlLK    

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(xdg¬xU M. A. Khan-Gk Kashmir: Propagation of Islam and Terror of the Sufis-Gk gwvlwt hwnwìæk„ iÔl BvkwRy xdg¬xU Bolwi ItwP (www.islam-watch.org )-G 30 AwMýU, 2009 ZwxkËL eÞKwxmZ pt„ Gi, G, Lwd Bolwi ItwËPk oóewbK Ggv  Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery-Gk ÌlLK„ ­ -- gŠkwÄÛ)

AdlwBd : 2 dËh¹k, 2009